What makes a USB-C cable 240 W capable?

USB PD 3.1 Extended Power Range (48 V at 5 A) plus an E-Marker rated for 5 A — not the connector shape.

Answer: the cable must be built for USB Power Delivery 3.1 Extended Power Range (48 V at 5 A) and carry an E-Marker rated for 5 A.

PowerVoltage / currentRequirement
Up to 100 W20 V / 5 AE-Marker required above 3 A
Up to 240 W48 V / 5 A (EPR)EPR build + E-Marker reporting 5 A

All USB-C cables look the same; the connector shape tells you nothing about 240 W.

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What makes a USB-C cable 240 W capable?

A USB PD 3.1 EPR build (48 V at 5 A) plus an E-Marker rated for 5 A.