Answer: the USB-C port switches some of its high-speed pairs into DisplayPort lanes (DisplayPort Alt Mode). If the cable has no high-speed pairs, no video.
- A charge-only or USB 2.0 cable cannot carry video, however good the adapter is.
- Converting to HDMI needs an active adapter — that is where the protocol conversion happens.
- Resolution and refresh are capped by the DP lanes available, which depend on the port and the cable.